Critical analysis of health Free Essay Example, 1000 words

Black (1980) claims that, medical model of health inclines to consider health in provision of freedom from a clinically discoverable disease. Critics says that it has no immediate benefit as it does not focuses on prevention of disease and only focuses on treatment and management of healthy. Social Model Social model of health denies the impartiality and scientific pretensions of the medical model and considers dependence upon the scientific method as only one way to determine health. Social model of health admits that illness and health are developed socially and that the health we experience is related to how societies are organized. Gillespie and Gerhardt (1995) were on the view that, health has a cultural, social and historical context and cannot be understood until we appreciate this. The weakness social model is that it does not treat illness once it has developed. Pathogenic Health’s Concept This theoretical concept for the American health experts was developed by Williamson and Pearse. Pathogenesis is the process for analysing causes and possible sources of disease. Pathogenesis begins with the examination of sickness and disease, subsequently it works with understanding the nature of disease and to determine the way someone can manage, avoid, and eliminate that frailty or disease. We will write a custom essay sample on Critical analysis of health or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Pathogenesis in a balancing fashion focused on detecting the causes and antecedents of disease and identification of the disease risk factors. Pathogenesis might be regarded optimistic because it presumes that humans to be healthy, but not for preventable problems or difficulties. Approval of the pathogenic model of health by most traditional health professionals has dictated that disease preclusion, cure, and management are the ways to better health (Deep, 1999). Salutogenic Health In contrast to pathogenesis, salutogenesis is the examination of health causes and origins, initiates by considering health and looks future at the ways utilised to develop and excel mental, physical and social well-being. Salutogenic model suggests that the goal of research in health should be to identify, determine, and illustrate factors, pathways and the possible causes of positive health to enhance our knowledge regarding the ways to deal, handle as well as to prevent pathogenesis (negative health). Salutogenesis is a framework focused on finding the causes and predecessors of health and describing health or salutary factors. The presumption of salutogenesis are, that action requires to occur to move someone toward better health, motivates experts to be proactive as their focus is on developing a new advanced state of health than is presently being experienced (Becker, Glascoff & Felts, 2010).

Feminism in The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abyssinia

Samuel Johnsons The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abyssinia and Its Feminist Conclusion, in which Nothing is Concluded Feminism is described in many ways, but mainly it can be gathered as a movement against oppression, which fights for the civil and political equality of women and men, and towards the opportunity of self-independence. During the eighteenth century, Great Britains society offered little opportunity for women to take part in the active roles of the male dominated world. Women were unable to participate in political, economic or social dealings. Society understood that women were supposed to be submissive to men, that their natural destiny was marriage, and that women needed only minimal education. Denying women a†¦show more content†¦There is nothing new in his teachings and counseling. Rasselas knows he needs something new in his life and that he needs to learn the knowledge of others in the outside world. Inside the valley, Rasselas meets Imlac, who teaches him new knowledge. Imlac tells Rasselas his life story and how he came to live in the valley. Rasselas seems t o be infatuated with Imlac and his adventures throughout the world. Imlac knows that life outside of the valley will not be what Rasselas expects, but still he leads him on, because he knows that Rasselas has to learn things for himself and by himself. Imlac introduces him to tales he never could have imagined: of violent oppression, cruelty, robbery, envy, pride, power and even poetry. He also spoke to him about people and the human condition. When Imlac speaks about he Europeans, Johnson introduces one of his most important themes, which is education. ‘They are more powerful, sir than we, answered Imlac, ‘because they are wiser; knowledge will always predominate over ignorance, as man governs the other animals. But why their knowledge is more than ours, I know not what reason can be given, but the insearchable will of the Supreme Being (91). Nevertheless, Johnson individualizes the nations regarding their felicity, disregarding the European belief, by emphasizing that knowledge is by all resources an instrument towards pleasure and that with

Foundation and Empire 19. Start Of The Search Free Essays

string(218) " and they say she had the most tha-rilling escape – had to go through the blockade, and all – and I do wonder she doesn’t write a book about it, these war books being so popular these days, you know\." The lonely planet, Haven – only planet of an only sun of a Galactic Sector that trailed raggedly off into intergalactic vacuum – was under siege. In a strictly military sense, it was certainly under siege, since no area of space on the Galactic side further than twenty parsecs distance was outside range of the Mule’s advance bases. In the four months since the shattering fall of the Foundation, Haven’s communications had fallen apart like a spiderweb under the razor’s edge. We will write a custom essay sample on Foundation and Empire 19. Start Of The Search or any similar topic only for you Order Now The ships of Haven converged inwards upon the home world, and only Haven itself was now a fighting base. And in other respects, the siege was even closer; for the shrouds of helplessness and doom had already invaded Bayta plodded her way down the pink-waved aisle past the rows of milky plastic-topped tables and found her seat by blind reckoning. She eased on to the high, armless chair, answered half-heard greetings mechanically, rubbed a wearily-itching eye with the back of a weary hand, and reached for her menu. She had time to register a violent mental reaction of distaste to the pronounced presence of various cultured-fungus dishes, which were considered high delicacies at Haven, and which her Foundation taste found highly inedible – and then she was aware of the sobbing near her and looked up. Until then, her notice of Juddee, the plain, snub-nosed, indifferent blonde at the dining unit diagonally across had been the superficial one of the nonacquaintance. And now Juddee was crying, biting woefully at a moist handkerchief, and choking back sobs until her complexion was blotched with turgid red. Her shapeless radiation-proof costume was thrown back upon her shoulders, and her transparent face shield had tumbled forward into her dessert, and there remained. Bayta joined the three girls who were taking turns at the eternally applied and eternally inefficacious remedies of shoulder-patting, hair-smoothing, and incoherent murmuring. â€Å"What’s the matter?† she whispered. One turned to her and shrugged a discreet, â€Å"I don’t know.† Then, feeling the inadequacy of the gesture, she pulled Bayta aside. â€Å"She’s had a hard day, I guess. And she’s worrying about her husband.† â€Å"Is he on space patrol?† â€Å"Yes†. Bayta reached a friendly hand out to Juddee. â€Å"Why don’t you go home, Juddee?† Her voice was a cheerfully businesslike intrusion on the soft, flabby inanities that had preceded. Juddee looked up half in resentment. â€Å"I’ve been out once this week already-â€Å" â€Å"Then you’ll be out twice. If you try to stay on, you know, you’ll just be out three days next week – so going home now amounts to patriotism. Any of you girls work in her department? Well, then, suppose you take care of her card. Better go to the washroom first, Juddee, and get the peaches and cream back where it belongs. Go ahead! Shoo!† Bayta returned to her seat and took up the menu again with a dismal relief. These moods were contagious. One weeping girl would have her entire department in a frenzy these nerve-torn days. She made a distasteful decision, pressed the correct buttons at her elbow and put the menu back into its niche. The tall, dark girl opposite her was saying, â€Å"Isn’t much any of us can do except cry, is there?† Her amazingly full lips scarcely moved, and Bayta noticed that their ends were carefully touched to exhibit that artificial, just-so half-smile that was the current last word in sophistication. Bayta investigated the insinuating thrust contained in the words with lashed eyes and welcomed the diversion of the arrival of her lunch, as the tile-top of her unit moved inward and the food lifted. She tore the wrappings carefully off her cutlery and handled them gingerly till they cooled. She said, â€Å"Can’t you think of anything else to do, Hella?† â€Å"Oh, yes,† said Hella. â€Å"I can!† She flicked her cigarette with a casual and expert finger-motion into the little recess provided and the tiny flash caught it before it hit shallow bottom. â€Å"For instance,† and Hella clasped slender, well-kept hands under her chin, â€Å"I think we could make a very nice arrangement with the Mule and stop all this nonsense. But then I don’t have the†¦ uh†¦ facilities to manage to get out of places quickly when the Mule takes over.† Bayta’s clear forehead remained clear. Her voice was light and indifferent. â€Å"You don’t happen to have a brother or husband in the fighting ships, do you?† â€Å"No. All the more credit that I see no reason for the sacrifice of the brothers and husbands of others.† â€Å"The sacrifice will come the more surely for surrender.† â€Å"The Foundation surrendered and is at peace. Our men are away and the Galaxy is against us.† Bayta shrugged, and said sweetly, â€Å"I’m afraid it is the first of the pair that bothers you.† She returned to her vegetable platter and ate it with the clammy realization of the silence about her. No one in ear-shot had cared to answer Hella’s cynicism. She left quickly, after stabbing at the button which cleared her dining unit for the next shift’s occupant. A new girl, three seats away, stage-whispered to Hella, â€Å"Who was she?† Hella’s mobile lips curled in indifference. â€Å"She’s our coordinator’s niece. Didn’t you know that?† â€Å"Yes?† Her eyes sought out the last glimpse of disappearing back. â€Å"What’s she doing here?† â€Å"Just an assembly girl. Don’t you know it’s fashionable to be patriotic? It’s all so democratic, it makes me retch.† â€Å"Now, Hella,† said the plump girl to her right. â€Å"She’s never pulled her uncle on us yet. Why don’t you lay off?† Hella ignored her neighbor with a glazed sweep of eyes and lit another cigarette. The new girl was listening to the chatter of the bright-eyed accountant opposite. The words were coming quickly, â€Å"-and she’s supposed to have been in the Vault – actually in the Vault, you know – when Seldon spoke – and they say the mayor was in frothing furies and there were riots, and all of that sort of thing, you know. She got away before the Mule landed, and they say she had the most tha-rilling escape – had to go through the blockade, and all – and I do wonder she doesn’t write a book about it, these war books being so popular these days, you know. You read "Foundation and Empire 19. Start Of The Search" in category "Essay examples" And she was supposed to be on this world of the Mule’s, too – Kalgan, you know – and-â€Å" The time bell shrilled and the dining room emptied slowly. The accountant’s voice buzzed on, and the new girl interrupted only with the conventional and wide-eyed, â€Å"Really-y-y-y?† at appropriate points. The huge cave lights were being shielded group-wise in the gradual descent towards the darkness that meant sleep for the righteous and hard-working, when Bayta returned home. Toran met her at the door, with a slice of buttered bread in his hand. â€Å"Where’ve you been?† he asked, food-muffled. Then, more clearly, â€Å"I’ve got a dinner of sorts rassled up. If it isn’t much, don’t blame me.† But she was circling him, wide-eyed. â€Å"Torie! Where’s your uniform? What are you doing in civvies?† â€Å"Orders, Bay. Randu is holed up with Ebling Mis right now, and what it’s all about, I don’t know. So there you have everything.† â€Å"Am I going?† She moved towards him impulsively. He kissed her before he answered, â€Å"I believe so. It will probably be dangerous.† â€Å"What isn’t dangerous?† â€Å"Exactly. Oh, yes, and I’ve already sent for Magnifico, so he’s probably coming too.† â€Å"You mean his concert at the Engine Factory will have to be cancelled.† â€Å"Obviously.† Bayta passed into the next room and sat down to a meal that definitely bore signs of having been â€Å"rassled-up.† She cut the sandwiches in two with quick efficiency and said: â€Å"That’s too bad about the concert. The girls at the factory were looking forward to it. Magnifico, too, for that matter.† She shook her head. â€Å"He’s such a queer thing.† â€Å"Stirs your mother-complex, Bay, that’s what he does. Some day we’ll have a baby, and then you’ll forget Magnifico.† ‘Bayta answered from the depths of her sandwich, â€Å"Strikes me that you’re all the stirring my mother-complex can stand.† And then she laid the sandwich down, and was gravely serious in a moment. â€Å"Torie.† â€Å"M-m-m?† â€Å"Torie, I was at City Hall today – at the Bureau of Production. That is why I was so late today.† â€Å"What were you doing there?† â€Å"Well†¦Ã¢â‚¬  she hesitated, uncertainly. â€Å"It’s been building up. I was getting so I couldn’t stand it at the factory. Morale just doesn’t exist. The girls go on crying jags for no particular reason. Those who don’t get sick become sullen. Even the little mousie types pout. In my particular section, production isn’t a quarter what it was when I came, and there isn’t a day that we have a full roster of workers.† â€Å"All right,† said Toran, â€Å"tie in the B. of P. What did you do there?† â€Å"Asked a few questions. And it’s so, Torie, it’s so all over Haven. Dropping production, increasing sedition and disaffection. The bureau chief just shrugged his shoulders – after I had sat in the anteroom an hour to see him, and only got in because I was the co-ordinator’s niece – and said it was beyond him. Frankly, I don’t think he cared.† â€Å"Now, don’t go off base, Bay.† â€Å"I don’t think he did.† She was strenuously fiery. â€Å"I tell you there’s something wrong. It’s that same horrible frustration that hit me in the Time Vault when Seldon deserted us. You felt it yourself.† â€Å"Yes, I did.† â€Å"Well, it’s back,† she continued savagely. â€Å"And we’ll never be able to resist the Mule. Even if we had the material, we lack the heart, the spirit, the will – Torie, there’s no use fighting-â€Å" Bayta had never cried in Toran’s memory, and she did not cry now. Not really. But Toran laid a light hand on her shoulder and whispered, â€Å"Suppose you forget it, baby. I know what you mean. But there’s nothing-â€Å" â€Å"Yes, there’s nothing we can do! Everyone says that – and we just sit and wait for the knife to come down.† She returned to what was left of her sandwich and tea. Quietly, Toran was arranging the beds. It was quite dark outside. Randu, as newly-appointed co-ordinator – in itself a wartime post – of the confederation of cities on Haven, had been assigned, at his own request, to an upper room, out of the window of which he could brood over the roof tops and greenery of the city. Now, in the fading of the cave lights, the city receded into the level lack of distinction of the shades. Randu did not care to meditate upon the symbolism. He said to Ebling Mis – whose clear, little eyes seemed to have no further interest than the red-filled goblet in his hand – â€Å"There’s a saying on Haven that when the cave lights go out, it is time for the righteous and hard-working to sleep.† â€Å"Do you sleep much lately?† â€Å"No! Sorry to call you so late, Mis. I like the night better somehow these days. Isn’t that strange? The people on Haven condition themselves pretty strictly on the lack of light meaning sleep. Myself, too. But it’s different now-â€Å" â€Å"You’re hiding,† said Mis, flatly. â€Å"You’re surrounded by people in the waking period, and you feel their eyes and their hopes on you. You can’t stand up under it. In the sleep period, you’re free.† â€Å"Do you feel it, too, then? This miserable sense of defeat?† Ebling Mis nodded slowly, â€Å"I do. It’s a mass psychosis, an unprintable mob panic. â€Å"Ga-LAX-y, Randu, what do you expect? Here you have a whole culture brought up to a blind, blubbering belief that a folk hero of the past has everything all planned out and is taking care of every little piece of their unprintable lives. The thought-pattern evoked has religious characteristics, and you know what that means.† â€Å"Not a bit.† Mis was not enthusiastic about the necessity of explanation. He never was. So he growled, stared at the long cigar he rolled thoughtfully between his fingers and said, â€Å"Characterized by strong faith reactions. Beliefs can’t be shaken short of a major shock, in which case, a fairly complete mental disruption results. Mild cases-hysteria, morbid sense of insecurity. Advanced cases – madness and suicide.† Randu bit at a thumbnail. â€Å"When Seldon fails us, in other words, our prop disappears, and we’ve been leaning upon it so long, our muscles are atrophied to where we can not stand without it.† â€Å"That’s it. Sort of a clumsy metaphor, but that’s it.† â€Å"And you, Ebling, what of your own muscles?† The psychologist filtered a long draught of air through his cigar, and let the smoke laze out. â€Å"Rusty, but not atrophied. My profession has resulted in just a bit of independent thinking.† â€Å"And you see a way out?† â€Å"No, but there must be one. Maybe Seldon made no provisions for the Mule. Maybe he didn’t guarantee our victory. But, then, neither did he guarantee defeat. He’s just out of the game and we’re on our own. The Mule can be licked.† â€Å"How?† â€Å"By the only way anyone can be licked – by attacking in strength at weakness. See here, Randu, the Mule isn’t a superman. If he is finally defeated, everyone will see that for himself. It’s just that he’s an unknown, and the legends cluster quickly. He’s supposed to be a mutant. Well, what of that? A mutant means a ‘superman’ to the ignoramuses of humanity. Nothing of the sort. â€Å"It’s been estimated that several million mutants are born in the Galaxy every day. Of the several million, all but one or two percent can be detected only by means of microscopes and chemistry. Of the one or two percent macromutants, that is, those with mutations detectable to the naked eye or naked mind, all but one or two percent are freaks, fit for the amusement centers, the laboratories, and death. Of the few macromutants whose differences are to the good, almost all are harmless curiosities, unusual in some single respect, normal – and often subnormal – in most others. You see that, Randu?† â€Å"I do. But what of the Mule?† â€Å"Supposing the Mule to be a mutant then, we can assume that he has some attribute, undoubtedly mental, which can be used to conquer worlds. In other respects, he undoubtedly has his shortcomings, which we must locate. He would not be so secretive, so shy of others’ eyes, if these shortcomings were not apparent and fatal. If he’s a mutant.† â€Å"Is there an alternative?† â€Å"There might be. Evidence for mutation rests on Captain Han Pritcher of what used to be Foundation’s Intelligence. He drew his conclusions from the feeble memories of those who claimed to know the Mule-or somebody who might have been the Mule – in infancy and early childhood. Pritcher worked on slim pickings there, and what evidence he found might easily have been planted by the Mule for his own purposes, for it’s certain that the Mule has been vastly aided by his reputation as a mutant-superman.† â€Å"This is interesting. How long have you thought that?† â€Å"I never thought that, in the sense of believing it. It is merely an alternative to be considered. For instance, Randu, suppose the Mule has discovered a form of radiation capable of depressing mental energy just as he is in possession of one which depresses nuclear reactions. What then, eh? Could that explain what’s hitting us now – and what did hit the Foundation?† Randu seemed immersed in a near-wordless gloom. He said, â€Å"What of your own researches on the Mule’s clown.† And now Ebling Mis hesitated. â€Å"Useless as yet. I spoke bravely to the mayor previous to the Foundation’s collapse, mainly to keep his courage up – partly to keep my own up as well. But, Randu, if my mathematical tools were up to it, then from the clown alone I could analyze the Mule completely. Then we would have him. Then we could solve the queer anomalies that have impressed me already.† â€Å"Such as?† â€Å"Think, man. The Mule defeated the navies of the Foundation at will, but he has not once managed to force the much weaker fleets of the Independent Traders to retreat in open combat. The Foundation fell at a blow; the Independent Traders hold out against all his strength. He first used Extinguishing Field upon the nuclear weapons of the Independent Traders of Mnemon. The element of surprise lost them that battle but they countered the Field. He was never able to use it successfully against the Independents again. â€Å"But over and over again, it worked against Foundation forces. It worked on the Foundation itself. Why? With our present knowledge, it is all illogical. So there must be factors of which we are not aware.† â€Å"Treachery?† â€Å"That’s rattle-pated nonsense, Randu. Unprintable twaddle. There wasn’t a man on the Foundation who wasn’t sure of victory. Who would betray a certain-to-win side.† Randu stepped to the curved window and stared unseeingly out into the unseeable. He said, â€Å"But we’re certain to lose now, if the Mule had a thousand weaknesses; if he were a network of holes-â€Å" He did not turn. It was as if the slump of his back, the nervous groping for one another of the hands behind him that spoke. He said, â€Å"We escaped easily after the Time Vault episode, Ebling. Others might have escaped as well. A few did. Most did not. The Extinguishing Field could have been counteracted. It asked ingenuity and a certain amount of labor. All the ships of the Foundation Navy could have flown to Haven or other nearby planets to continue the fight as we did. Not one percent did so. In effect, they deserted to the enemy. â€Å"The Foundation underground, upon which most people here seem to rely so heavily, has thus far done nothing of consequence. The Mule has been politic enough to promise to safeguard the property and profits of the great Traders and they have gone over to him.† Ebling Mis said stubbornly, â€Å"The plutocrats have always been against us.† â€Å"They always held the power, too. Listen, Ebling. We have reason to believe that the Mule or his tools have already been in contact with powerful men among the Independent Traders. At least ten of the twenty-seven Trading Worlds are known to have gone over to the Mule. Perhaps ten more waver. There are personalities on Haven itself who would not be unhappy over the Mule’s domination. It’s apparently an insurmountable temptation to give up endangered political power, if that will maintain your hold over economic affairs. â€Å" â€Å"You don’t think Haven can fight the Mule?† â€Å"I don’t think Haven will.† And now Randu turned his troubled face full upon the psychologist. â€Å"I think Haven is waiting to surrender. It’s what I called you here to tell you. I want you to leave Haven.† Ebling Mis puffed up his plump checks in amazement. â€Å"Already?† Randu felt horribly tired. â€Å"Ebling, you are the Foundation’s greatest psychologist. The real master-psychologists went out with Seldon, but you’re the best we have. You’re our only chance of defeating the Mule. You can’t do that here; you’ll have to go to what’s left of the Empire.† â€Å"To Trantor?† â€Å"That’s right. What was once the Empire is bare bones today, but something must still be at the center. They’ve got the records there, Ebling. You may learn more of mathematical psychology; perhaps enough to be able to interpret the clown’s mind. He will go with you, of course.† Mis responded dryly, â€Å"I doubt if he’d be willing to, even for fear of the Mule, unless your niece went with him.† â€Å"I know that. Toran and Bayta are leaving with you for that very reason. And, Ebling, there’s another, greater purpose. Hari Seldon founded two Foundations three centuries ago; one at each end of the Galaxy. You must find that Second Foundation.† How to cite Foundation and Empire 19. Start Of The Search, Essay examples

BP’s Handling of Oil Spill off the Gulf of Mexico and CEO Actions

Question: Discuss about the BPs Handling of Oil Spill off the Gulf of Mexico and the CEO Actions in the Wake of the Disaster. Answer: Introduction Public Relation (PR) is an essential element of any prosperous organization, business enterprise, government, and company. It is used by most companies to shape their image in the public eye and therefore acting as a tool of status elevation. The manner in which a company conducts its public relations determines immensely how customers will respond to its business. As such, the aim of this report will be to analyse some of the PR errors made by a company is handling crisis. The company to be analysed in this case is BP on how it handled the crisis of the Oil spill off the Gulf of Mexico. It will pay close consideration on the conduct of BPs Chief Executive Officer and how these actions affected the companys general image. In making that analysis, the report will provide rely on the theory of PR and how it could be put to use. It will also provide a practical consideration of the theory. The Excellence Theory of PR The Excellence theory is known for making organizations effective on how they are run. It explains organizational conditions, environments organizational friend and accounts for the financial value of PR to an organization. This theory was founded by James Gruing. Gruing believed that organizations that maintain good relations with their strategic public tend to achieve their goals (Grunig, 2013). It is therefore important that companies identify their strategic publics create lasting connections by engaging it in symmentrical communications. Gruing found four categories of good PR. First, there has to be empowerment PR functions; second, PR executive should be given communicators roles like managerial and administrative roles; organizational communication function should be an integrated PR role; and organizations must use the PR models (Dozier, Grunig, and Grunig, 2013). The theory is based on the concept of goal attainment, systems, strategic constituencies and competing values. G oal attainment requires that every individual understand the aims of the company hence understand their role in ensuring that is achieved. Von Bertalanffy developed the open system theory which proposed that a system is a made up of interacting elements and an open system is one where there export and import. That said, it should be appreciated that organization associate with their environment in such a manner (Coombs and Holladay 2011). Furthermore, strategic constituencies acknowledge that there are element of the environment affect organizations positively or negatively depending on how it relates with this elements. Based on Gruings situational theory of publics, people should be defined and classified according to their problem awareness and how they seek to find information to solve problems (Kim and Grunig 2011). It is necessary for the organization make communications at various levels whether it is employees, customers, employees and customers, and governments or inter-org anizational communication (Edwards 2012). Each level is essential because it will determine the kind of effect the information will have on the organization. This theory presupposes that all organizations should embrace principle of good PR. These principles are honesty, trustworthiness, openness, integrity, respect, fair-mindedness, and effective communication. It is also important to ensure that companies use their PR policies effectively, they engage the public and other key stakeholders, and there is coherency and consistency in information disseminated. Furthermore, Gruing expressed that there has to be a differentiation between dissemination and communication since communication requires that they receive and understand the information (Grunig 2013). The excellence theory is also used alongside other theories like the Personal Influence Theory (PIT) and the Global Theory of PR (GTPR) (Kim and Grunig 2011). The GTPR suggest that practices that are common can be used in any nation of the world. It however proposes that practices in various countries can be different considering issues like culture, economic system, political system, and nature of activism in a country, media system (Bardhan and Weaver 2011; and Edwards and Hodges 2011). For instance, the UKs political; culture, activism, and legal systems are different for that of the US. PIT encourages companies to build influence of stakeholders like the media, governments, and other organization so to be able to get help in case they ran into a problem. BPs PR Error in Oil Spill One of the crucial indicators of effective PR is that one is able to persuade another into believing or accepting what they are saying. One has to know what the audience want hence being able to convince them for mutual benefit. However, the representation by BP that the spill was controllable was a manipulation which later came to be known to the public. This resulted in them losing credibility and public sympathy (Warner 2010). The public felt that they were being played by the companys management hence numerous protests. The companys stocks also fall. The company even tried to down play the damage caused by the spill by saying that it was not as bad as it seem and that everything was under control. They has reported to the media that the company would have the whole mess under cleared in a weeks time only for the CEO to report that the company was doing all it could but it more time was needed (McClam and Weber 2010). As explained by the Excellence theory, good PR requires opens a nd not manipulation of the audience. Once the audience feels that it is being plaid, it starts cast doubt of the companys ability to handle a crisis hence discontentment. Dishonest damages the images of many organizations. BP executives gave an exaggeration their ability to tame the damage and all they did was give contradicting view. Even though the Excellence theory propose open communication, BP did not acknowledge that repairing the leakage was difficult. All they said was that the main leak had been stopped and only few area were left (Warner 2010). The assertion by Suttles that spill would be reduced to a tick was found to be a lie used to downplay the reality of the situation. There were also contradicting figures in the amount of oil level spilled resulting in the perception of people that the government and the company were dishonest. The company later came up with ads purporting to help people enquiring on the situation get the real pictures. However, people believe that this is away driving the off the balance. In as much they are trying to contain information follow, they are going against the goal of winning peoples trust (McClam and Weber 2010). Lack of recognizing the importance the medi a, customer and environmental system may cost their business. The fact that the CEO and the chairman were saying two difference thing means that there was lack of proper co-ordination. there was also lose of respect for the audience and the press system. Failing to appreciate the value of the environmental system showed that BP fall short of the excellence theory (Gruing 2013). The CEO Action during the Disaster The GTPR suggests that the culture of different countries differ and therefore each case should be approached differently. However, the CEO of BP failed to understand this. Instead of going to the US and making what people considered disrespectful remarks, he should have let the America team of BOP hand the issue. For instance, he noted for having told a reporter what was consider offensive (McClam and Weber 2010). His remark that he wanted his life back meant that he did not care about the life of the people who died in the spill. All he wants was to have the crisis go away and no considering what harm it has to the environment. At the same time, he failed to give the exact figures of how the company would compensate the affected fishermen (Associated Press 2010). Even though the chairman of BP America had said $20 billion would be used as compensation, the CEO had no definitive answer to the Congressional committee which meant that they had not agreed (McClam and Weber 2010). These shows how there were many loopholes in BPs actions. Lacking proper understanding of the American culture meant that the CEO should leave the crisis to BP Americas team (Macnamara 2012). Conclusion PR is an essential part that should not be ignored by any organization. The failure of the BP can be said to have resulted from poor communication. The image of the company was badly damage according to Harlow, Brantley, and Harlow (2011), it will be costly for BP to reclaim it lost glory and image. Winning such trust requires huge investment. It also fail to manage the flow of information. Its PR strategies were not integrated and therefor lacking uniformity. The failure to acknowledge the reality of the situation revealed how it PR was poor and weak. It can therefore be concluded that failure to work as an organization was as a result of poor co-ordination hence inability to win the trust of the people. Recommendations I would recommend that in future, BP should integrate its PR department so as to ensure that all information released is uniform. This will help to save the companys image and also elevate its status. Secondly, they should learn to appreciate the difference in systems of different parts of the world by decentralizing the management so that each subsidiary handles all it problem. That will ensure that the correct people solve problem due to the experience in that area. Reference Associaed Press (2010). BP Spill Response Plans Severely Flawed. [online] Fox News. Available at: https://www.foxnews.com/us/2010/06/09/ap-impact-bps-error-prone-spill-response-plans-overstate-preparedness.html [Accessed 30 Apr. 2017] Bardhan, N. and Weaver, C.K. eds., 2011. Public relations in global cultural contexts: Multi-paradigmatic perspectives. Routledge Coombs, W.T. and Holladay, S.J. eds., 2011. The handbook of crisis communication (Vol. 22). John Wiley Sons Dozier, D.M., Grunig, L.A. and Grunig, J.E., 2013. Manager's guide to excellence in public relations and communication management. Routledge Edwards, L. and Hodges, C.E. eds., 2011. Public relations, society culture: Theoretical and empirical explorations. Taylor Francis Edwards, L., 2012. Defining the objectof public relations research: A new starting point. Public Relations Inquiry, 1(1), pp.7-30 Grunig, J.E., 2013. Excellence in public relations and communication management. Routledge Harlow, W.F., Brantley, B.C. and Harlow, R.M., 2011. BP initial image repair strategies after the Deepwater Horizon spill. Public Relations Review, 37(1), pp.80-83. Kim, J.N. and Grunig, J.E., 2011. Problem solving and communicative action: A situational theory of problem solving. Journal of Communication, 61(1), pp.120-149 Macnamara, J., 2012. The global shadow of functionalism and Excellence Theory: An analysis of Australasian PR. Public Relations Inquiry, 1(3), pp.367-402 McClam, E. and Weber, H. (2010). BPs failures made worse by PR mistakes. [online] msnbc.com. Available at: https://www.nbcnews.com/id/37647218/ns/business-world_business/t/bps-failures-made-worse-pr-mistakes/#.WQXLijpRV0t [Accessed 30 Apr. 2017] Warner, J. (2010). The Gulf of Mexico oil spill is bad, but BP's PR is even worse. [online] Telegraph.co.uk. Available at: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/energy/oilandgas/7839136/The-Gulf-of-Mexico-oil-spill-is-bad-but-BPs-PR-is-even-worse.html [Accessed 30 Apr. 2017]